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Expert System Industry In China
The artificial intelligence industry in individuals’s Republic of China is a quickly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China’s AI advancement started in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s financial reforms emphasizing science and technology as the country’s main efficient force.
The initial stages of China’s AI advancement were sluggish and experienced significant challenges due to lack of resources and talent. At the starting China was behind many Western nations in terms of AI advancement. A bulk of the research was led by scientists who had received higher education abroad. [1]
Since 2006, the government of individuals’s Republic of China has actually progressively established a national agenda for artificial intelligence advancement and became among the leading nations in synthetic intelligence research study and development. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched its thirteenth five-year strategy in which it aimed to end up being a global AI leader by 2030. [3]
The State Council has a list of “nationwide AI teams” consisting of fifteen China-based companies, consisting of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation needed] Each business should lead the development of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial recognition, software/hardware, and speech acknowledgment. China’s fast AI development has significantly affected Chinese society in many locations, including the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, lodging and food services, and production are the leading industries that would be the most affected by further AI release.
The economic sector, university laboratories, and the armed force are working collaboratively in numerous elements as there are couple of current existing borders. [4] In 2021, China released the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, its very first national law addressing AI-related ethical issues. In October 2022, the United States federal government revealed a series of export controls and trade limitations intended to restrict China’s access to sophisticated computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]
Concerns have actually been raised about the impacts of the Chinese federal government’s censorship regime on the advancement of generative expert system and skill acquisition with state of the country’s demographics. [7] [8]
History
The research study and advancement of synthetic intelligence in China began in the 1980s, with the statement by Deng Xiaoping of the importance of science and technology for China’s economic growth. [3]
Late 1970s to early 2010s
Expert system research study and development did not begin till the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. [3] While there was a lack of AI-related research study between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars believe this is because of the influence of cybernetics from the Soviet Union regardless of the Sino-Soviet split during the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese researchers launched AI research study led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, during the time, China’s society still had a normally conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI advancement in China was hard so China’s federal government approached these challenges by sending Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and additional supplying federal government funds for research projects. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was founded in September 1981 and was licensed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The very first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who got a PhD in philosophy from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s first research study publication on expert system was released by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, smart automation and intelligence have actually belonged to China’s nationwide technology strategy. [9]
Since the 2000s, the Chinese government has further expanded its research and advancement funds for AI and the number of government-sponsored research tasks has actually dramatically increased. [3] In 2006, China revealed a policy priority for the development of synthetic intelligence, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Prepare For the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), released by the State Council. [2] In the same year, artificial intelligence was also mentioned in the l lth five-year plan. [11]
In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) developed a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At very same year, the Wu Wenjun Expert System Science and Technology Award was established in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the greatest award for Chinese achievements in the field of synthetic intelligence. The first award event was hung on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was kept in Beijing, marking the very first time the conference was held in China. This occasion accompanied the Chinese government’s statement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a significant milestone in China’s development of synthetic intelligence. [12]
Late 2010s to early 2020s
The State Council of China provided “A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the document, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council advised governing bodies in China to promote the development of synthetic intelligence. Specifically, the plan explained AI as a tactical innovation that has actually become a “focus of worldwide competitors”. [14]:2 The file advised substantial financial investment in a variety of strategic areas related to AI and called for close cooperation in between the state and personal sectors. On the occasion of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the very first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University composed in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” between financial and military ends is an essential part to being a terrific power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”synthetic intelligence plus” was proposed to be elevated to a strategic level. [16] The exact same year witnessed the emergence of several application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research laboratory in Nanjing, and presented their first AI specialization chip, Cambrian. [citation needed]
In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in collaboration with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, launched its very first artificial intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]
In 2018, the State Council budgeted $2.1 billion for an AI commercial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to accomplish this the State Council mentioned the need for enormous skill acquisition, theoretical and useful advancements, in addition to public and private investments. [14] A few of the stated motivations that the State Council offered for pursuing its AI technique consist of the potential of synthetic intelligence for commercial improvement, much better social governance and maintaining social stability. [14] Since the end of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI companies across fundamental, technical, and application layers, with associated markets valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]
In 2019, the application of expert system expanded to different fields such as quantum physics, location, and medical research. With the emergence of big language designs (LLMs), at the beginning of 2020, Chinese scientists began developing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal big design called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]
The Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence introduced China’s first large scale pre-trained language model in 2022. [24] [25]:283
In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Public Security collectively released the policies concerning deepfakes, which ended up being reliable in January 2023. [26]
In July 2023, Huawei released its variation 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]
In July 2023, China launched its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. [28]:96 A draft proposal on basic generative AI services safety requirements, consisting of specifications for information collection and design training was provided in October 2023. [28]:96
Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government introduced its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Neighborhood of Common Destiny and intends to construct AI policy dialogue with establishing countries. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has actually revealed issue over AI security risks, consisting of abuse of data or the use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93
In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda campaign of the Ministry of Public Security, started utilizing news anchors developed with generative expert system to provide phony news clips. [18]
In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang launched the AI+ Initiative, which plans to integrate AI into China’s genuine economy. [28]:95
In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China announced that it presented a large language design trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]
According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s largest LLM market show 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in income over the last year. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the 3rd biggest. The fourth and 5th largest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong listed AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were applauded by financiers as China’s new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI models had actually been authorized by the Chinese federal government. [33]
As of 2024, many Chinese technology firms such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have actually released AI video-generation tools to competing OpenAI’s Sora. [34]
Chronology of major AI-related policies
Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Infotech; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs
National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Infotech
Government goals
According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a Brand-new American Security, CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the leading edge of AI technology will be vital to the future of global military and financial power competition. [35] By 2025, the State Council goes for China to make fundamental contributions to fundamental AI theory and to solidify its location as an international leader in AI research. Further, the State Council aims for AI to end up being “the main driving force for China’s commercial updating and economic improvement” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the global leader in the development of artificial intelligence theory and innovation. The State Council declares that China will have developed a “mature new-generation AI theory and innovation system.” [14]
According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese federal government “seeks to combine state planning and control while some functional versatility for companies. In this context, China’s AI firms are hybrid gamers. The state guides their activity, funds, and shields them from foreign competition through domestic market protections, developing uneven benefits as they expand offshore.” [36]
The CCP’s fourteenth five-year plan reaffirmed AI as a top research concern and ranks AI first among “frontier markets” that the Chinese government intends to concentrate on through 2035. [3] The AI market is a strategic sector typically supported by China’s government guidance funds. [37]:167
Research and advancement
Chinese public AI financing generally focused on advanced and applied research. [38] The government financing likewise supported several AI R&D in the private sector through equity capital that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic firm research study revealed that, while China is massively investing in all aspects of AI advancement, facial acknowledgment, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and self-governing cars are AI sectors with the most attention and financing. [39]
According to national assistance on developing China’s state-of-the-art industrial development zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as an experimental advancement zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative areas. However, the focus of AI R&D differed depending upon cities and regional commercial advancement and ecosystem. For example, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong manufacturing industry, heavily concentrates on automation and AI facilities while Wuhan focuses more on AI implementations and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech firms, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI labs. [25]:282
In 2016 and 2017, Chinese teams won the top prize at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a worldwide competition for computer vision systems. [41] A lot of these systems are now being integrated into China’s domestic monitoring network. [42]
Interdisciplinary cooperations play a vital function in China’s AI R&D, including academic-corporate collaboration, public-private collaborations, and global collaborations and tasks with corporate-government partnerships are the most typical. [1] China ranked in the leading 3 worldwide following the United States and the European Union for the total variety of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic partnership between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the total number of worldwide AI-related journal citations. [43] In regards to AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI documents are generally sponsored by the federal government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence launched the world’s largest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]
Since 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI scientists had finished their undergraduate studies in China. [28]:101
According to academic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese federal government has been proactive in controling AI services and enforcing commitments on AI companies, the general method to its guideline is loose and demonstrates a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI industry. [28]:96 In July 2024, the federal government opened its first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]
Population
China’s big population produces a massive amount of available information for companies and researchers, which offers a crucial advantage in the race of big data. Since 2024 [update], China has the world’s biggest number of web users, producing huge quantities of data for device learning and AI applications. [46]:18
Facial acknowledgment
Facial acknowledgment is one of the most extensively employed AI applications in China. Collecting these big amounts of data from its homeowners assists additional train and broaden AI capabilities. China’s market is not only conducive and valuable for corporations to more AI R&D however likewise offers incredible financial prospective drawing in both international and domestic firms to join the AI market. The extreme development of the information and interaction technology (ICT) industry and AI chipsets recently are two examples of this. [47] China has actually ended up being the world’s biggest exporter of facial acknowledgment innovation, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]
Censorship and content controls
In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) released draft steps specifying that tech business will be obligated to make sure AI-generated content promotes the ideology of the CCP consisting of Core Socialist Values, prevents discrimination, appreciates copyright rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft measures, business bear legal duty for training information and content produced through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced content might not “incite subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system.” [51] Before releasing a big language design to the general public, companies must seek approval from the CAC to certify that the design refuses to respond to certain questions associating with political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions connected to politically delicate topics such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre or comparisons in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh must be decreased. [52]
In 2023, in-country access was obstructed to Hugging Face, a company that keeps libraries including training information sets typically utilized for large language designs. [8] A subsidiary of individuals’s Daily, the main paper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, offers regional companies with training data that CCP leaders consider allowable. [8] In 2024, the People’s Daily released a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]
Microsoft has cautioned that the Chinese government uses generative expert system to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking discussions on dissentious political issues. [54] [55] [56]
The Chinese synthetic intelligence design DeepSeek has been reported to decline to address questions relating to things about the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, comparisons between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]
Impact
Economic effect
Most firms [who?] hold positive views about AI’s financial effect on China’s long-term economic development. In the past, standard markets in China have actually fought with the increase in labor costs due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the implementation of AI, operational expenses are anticipated to reduce while a boost in effectiveness generates profits development. [60] Some highlight the value of a clear policy and governmental assistance in order to conquer adoption barriers including costs and lack of appropriately trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income employees might be the most adversely affected by China’s AI advancement since of rising demands for workers with advanced skills. [61] Furthermore, growth might be disproportionately divided as a majority of AI-related commercial advancement is focused in coastal regions instead of inland. [61]
An influential decision by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that AI-generated content is entitled to copyright protection. [28]:98
Military effect
China looks for to construct a “world-class” armed force by “intelligentization” with a particular focus on making use of unmanned weapons and expert system. [62] [63] It is investigating different types of air, land, sea, and undersea self-governing vehicles. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military demonstrated an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial cars at an airshow. A media report released afterwards revealed a computer simulation of a similar swarm formation finding and damaging a rocket launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications showed that China is likewise establishing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is largely affected by China’s observation of U.S. prepare for defense development and fears of an expanding “generational space” in contrast to the U.S. armed force. Similar to U.S. military concepts, China intends to utilize AI for exploiting large chests of intelligence, producing a common operating photo, and accelerating battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China’s action to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) strategy, which seeks to integrate sensors and weapons with AI and a vigorous network. [65] [66]
Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have been recognized: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, smart munitions, intelligent satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software application, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software application, decision assistance, software, automated rocket launch software, and cognitive electronic warfare software application. [67]
China’s management of its AI environment contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In general, couple of borders exist in between Chinese commercial business, university research laboratories, the military, and the central government. As a result, the Chinese federal government has a direct ways of directing AI advancement top priorities and accessing technology that was seemingly established for civilian purposes. To further strengthen these ties the Chinese federal government created a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is meant to speed the transfer of AI innovation from business business and research organizations to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese federal government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower costs of data labeling to create the large databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one estimate, China is on track to have 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the possible to have more than 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12
China’s centrally directed effort is investing in the U.S. AI market, in business working on militarily relevant AI applications, possibly giving it lawful access to U.S. technology and intellectual residential or commercial property. [69] Chinese equity capital financial investment in U.S. AI companies between 2010 and 2017 amounted to an estimated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration issued an executive order to prevent foreign financial investments, “particularly those from competitor or adversarial nations,” from buying U.S. innovation firms, due to U.S. national security concerns. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. innovations in which Chinese federal government has been investing, including “microelectronics, expert system, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] sophisticated tidy energy.” [71] [72]
In 2024, scientists from individuals’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have actually established a military tool utilizing Llama, which Meta Platforms said was unapproved due to its design usage restriction for military purposes. [73] [74]
Academia
Although in 2004, Peking University presented the first scholastic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, especially since China deals with challenges in recruiting and retaining AI engineers and researchers. [21] Over half of the information scientists in the United States have actually been working in the field for over ten years, while roughly the exact same percentage of data scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, less than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused specialists and research study items. [61]:8 Although China exceeded the United States in the variety of research papers produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its published papers, as judged by peer citations, ranked 34th internationally. [75] China especially wish to resolve military applications and so the Beijing Institute of Technology, among China’s premier institutes for weapons research, just recently developed the very first children’s instructional program in military AI in the world. [76]
In 2019, 34% of Chinese trainees studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database preserved by an American thinktank, the percentage increased to 58% in 2022. [77]
Ethical issues
For the past years, there are conversations about AI security and ethical concerns in both personal and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology released the first national ethical guideline, ‘the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code’ on the subject of AI with particular emphasis on user protection, data privacy, and security. [78] This file acknowledges the power of AI and fast innovation adaptation by the huge corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that humans will remain in complete decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the Beijing AI principles requiring essential needs in long-term research study and preparation of AI ethical principles. [79]
Data security has been the most common subject in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and lots of national federal governments have established legislation dealing with information personal privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of individuals’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to attend to brand-new challenges raised by AI development. [80] [initial research study?] In 2021, China’s new Data Security Law (DSL) was passed by the PRC congress, establishing a regulatory structure categorizing all kinds of data collection and storage in China. [81] This implies all tech business in China are needed to classify their information into classifications noted in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow specific guidelines on how to govern and manage information transfers to other celebrations. [81]
Judicial system
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou developed a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disagreements associated with ecommerce and internet-related intellectual home claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court by means of videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence provided and applies relevant legal standards. [82]:124
Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low punishments have actually been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are concerns about whether AI based upon fragmented judicial information can reach unbiased decisions. [83] Zhang Linghan, professor of law at the China University of Government and Law, composes that AI-technology companies might deteriorate judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing party management, political oversight, and reducing the discretionary space of judges are intentional objectives of SCR [smart court reform]” [85]
Leading companies
Leading AI-centric companies and start-ups consist of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI companies iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have gotten attention for facial acknowledgment, sound recognition and drone technologies. [87]
China’s government takes a market-oriented method to AI, and has actually looked for to encourage personal tech business in establishing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champions”. [25]:281
In 2023, Tencent debuted its big language model Hunyuan for business usage on Tencent Cloud. [88]
New leading AI start-ups include Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were praised by financiers as China’s new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has actually also been promoted as a leading startup. [89]
Assessment
Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s dedication to worldwide AI management and technological competitors was driven by its previous underperformance in development which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of humiliation. [90] According to Zeng, there are historically ingrained causes of China’s anxiety towards protecting a global technological supremacy – China missed both commercial revolutions, the one beginning in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that stemmed in America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s government desires to take advantage of the technological revolution in today’s world led by digital technology including AI to resume China’s “rightful” location and to pursue the nationwide renewal proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]
A short article released by the Center for a Brand-new American Security concluded that “Chinese government officials demonstrated extremely keen understanding of the concerns surrounding AI and international security. This consists of understanding of the U.S. AI policy conversations,” and suggested that “the U.S. policymaking neighborhood to likewise prioritize cultivating competence and understanding of AI advancements in China” and “funding, focus, and a willingness amongst U.S. policymakers to drive massive needed modification.” [35] A post in the MIT Technology Review likewise concluded: “China may have unequaled resources and enormous untapped capacity, but the West has world-leading know-how and a strong research culture. Rather than fret about China’s development, it would be sensible for Western nations to focus on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research study and education. ” [91]
The Chinese government’s censorship regime has actually stunted the development of generative synthetic intelligence [7] [8]
In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations wrote that the advancement of AI develops difficulties for holistic nationwide security, including the risks that AI will heighten social stress or have destabilizing results on global relations. [28]:49
Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics including Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will lead to higher injustice of employees and more major social problems. [28]:90 Gao cites how the development of AI has actually increased the power of platform business like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, resulting in higher capital accumulation and political power in less economic actors. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state must be the main accountable star in the area of generative AI (developing new content like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military use of AI dangers escalating military competitors in between countries and that the impact of AI in military matters will not be restricted to one country however will have spillover effects. [28]:91
Dialogues between Chinese and Western AI specialists about the existential danger from artificial intelligence have occurred. [92]
Public polling
The Chinese public is normally optimistic regarding AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 study conducted throughout 28 countries found that 78% of the Chinese public believes the advantages of AI exceed the threats, the highest of any country in the study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese college student found that 80% concurred or strongly agreed that AI will do more great than harm for society, and 31% thought it needs to be regulated by the government. [93]
Human rights
The widely utilized AI facial recognition has raised issues. [94] According to The New York City Times, deployment of AI facial acknowledgment innovation in the Xinjiang area to spot Uyghurs is “the first recognized example of a government deliberately using synthetic intelligence for racial profiling,” [95] which is stated to be “among the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have actually discovered that in China, areas experiencing greater rates of discontent are related to increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment innovation, particularly by regional community authorities departments. [97] [98]
Expert system.
Artificial intelligence arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer system
List of artificial intelligence business
Regulation of synthetic intelligence
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Further reading
Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.